🌺✨ 𝗜𝗡 𝗥𝗘𝗠𝗘𝗠𝗕𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗖𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗟𝗢-𝗞𝗨𝗞𝗜 𝗪𝗔𝗥 (𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟳–𝟭𝟵𝟭𝟵): 𝗔 𝗧𝗥𝗜𝗕𝗨𝗧𝗘 𝗧𝗢 𝗧𝗛𝗘 𝗚𝗨𝗔𝗥𝗗𝗜𝗔𝗡𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗢𝗨𝗥 𝗟𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘𝗗𝗢𝗠 🌺✨

 

🖊️ Gl. Seilalmuon Haokip

KSOB Information & Publicity Secretary

“Lheppon bang kitho ute”

❝ The sahibs are not made of stone.They will bleed the same as us.We will kill them. ❞

— Pu Enjakhup

Anglo-Kuki War 1917-1919 hi Northeast India sunga dia Military Operations lenpen ahi.Hiche gal bolna dia British te'n dangka lakh 28 ana sumang uve.Britishte toh ikidounau gamsung letdan chu 6000 square miles jen ahi.Hiche in ahop ho chu Chin Hills ,Naga Hills,Lushai Hills ,Somra Tract leh Thaungdut State (Burma) ahi.Galpi letbeh jeh chun Kuki te'n jong Han Chinese(China) leh Bengal toh kijopmatna leh kihettona ineitei diu thusim apat mudohthei ahi.Hiche Anglo-Kuki War 1917-1919 um masanga hi The Kuki Revolt 1860-1861(Tripura),The Lushai Expedition 1871-72 leh Abhor Expedition 1911-912 ho jong anaum ahi.Tuphat a Kukite gamthum- India, Bangladesh leh Myanmar a ium vang uva masang a gamkhat (British India) thuneina noiya um a ihiuve.Iumnau map veleohen kijopmatsoh hel ,British India thanei masang apat gamphengkhat a khosa mite ihiu mudohthei ahi.Lord Armherst Governor General 1823-1828(Bengal) pang laitah in 1st Anglo-Burmese War aum in Ava lengte'n(Burmese) Siam(Thailand) gam akilahdoh uvin chuleh Manipur leh Assam province jong lahtei ding tohgon anei uve.Alenggam u kehletdi tohgon(expansionist policy) anei jeh uvin Britsh sepoys (Brahmin Hindu )ijat hamkhat Ava lengte toh kikapdia kisol ho chu anom tapouve ajeh chu Kolkata apat twipi(Indian Ocean) chunga touva gamdang a galsat di chu sakho(religion) toh kitohpoi atiu ahi .Hiche jeh a Britishte toh kidoulo uva Barackpure Mutiny(1824) sohdohlo ahi.Hiche 1st Anglo-Burmese War a Britishte'n galjona amuphat uva The Treaty of Yangdaboo(1829) umloa Britishte'n eiho donglouva map akaikitleu chehchaogàm kha ihiuve.Brahmin Hindu ho Burma a galsatdi noplou bang a Kuki te jong agamleiset dalha a twipi chung touva gamdang a kondohdi hi asakhou keo hilouva achondan utoh jong kitohlouva agel u ahi.Chukitle,Charter Act 1813 chun christian Missionaries ho India a gospel thupha aseitheina diu thaneina akipe'n

abanle Charter Act 1853 in province thum(Assam,Central leh Burma ) asemdoh e.Hichejeh a Anglo-Kuki War laiya Christian Missionaries jong um a ,Assam province leh Burma province jong um ahitai.Britishte'n Anglo-Kuki War itiuhi The Kuki Rising or The Kuki Punitive Measures or The Kuki Rebellion or War against The King Emperor le adang dang atiu ahi.Hiche banga chu eiho'n(subaltern point of view) Anglo-Kuki War itiu ahi.

CAUSES OF THE ANGLO-KUKI WAR 1917-1919

1.France gam a Labour Recruitment:Galpi khatna asodoh chun Europe gam France mun a galsat ho kithopi ding Manipur apat mi 4000 

ngaichat ahijeh a Kukite jong hunam a Labour Recruitment a ei jaosah got jeh uva Sapkangte chu ana kidouva ahi.Naga,Assamese ,Chin( Haka te tailou) leh Lushai te vang lungsa-ih louvin ana vaikondoh uve.Chuleh,Kukite lah a British loyalists South West Manipur(non Thadou tribes hinlah Kuki) a khosa ho jong ana vaikondoh uve.British India(tua India) a Kuki te'n British te idou bang uvin British Burma mun a sopi Haka(Chin)te'n jong France gam a Labour dia chenuom loujeh in British te adouvin ahi.Hiche chu The Haka rising or Anglo-Chin War 1917-1919 kiti ahi.Teddim sunga Kamhau haosa Hau Cin Khup hi British te dia kitahtah ahijeh a mi 1000 France gam a Teddim sub- divisions apat anasoldoh in chuleh Falam subdivisions apat mi 800 ma France gam a potpo(cookies) ding ana cheuve.

2.Lambus duhathuh(corrupt):Manipur State Darbar apat thinglhanggam a thuneina kipe chu Lambus kiti ahi.Amahin donglekai British te dia achuomkhom pehji ahi.Hetthei dia amahi Zamindar tobang ahi.Zamindar hi British te toh India loulhoumi(farmers) mi kikah a palai a pang a British te seisei juimi ahi.Hiche Zamindari System or Permanent Settlement hi Bengal ,Orissa leh Bihar lah a kimang ahi.Hiche Zamindars ho hin India loulhoumi ho chunga sum nehguh ahabolna lam'a Indian te'n British te ana dounau lah a khat ahi.Hiche banga chu Northeast Frontier context a chu Lambus thuchang kimang ahi.Hiche Lambus hi thaneina anei tamchehcheh phat a Kukite haosa kivaipohna Col J Shakespear(political agent of Manipur 1905-1908) in legalise anabol khehnem got phat a doudalna ana kinei ahi.

3.Thinglhanggam a House-Tax tam:1892 kum a Maxwell(Political Agent) in thinglhangmite house tax chu cheng thum(Rs 3) abolla ;phaicham(valley) a cheng ni(Rs 2) anabol ahi.Thinglhangmi leh phaicham kikah kikhehna chu muthei jing peh ahina ban a 1911 apat 1915 kikah jong kellhah(famine) toh House Tax akhangbe kit jeh a Kukite'n Britishte kidoudal ahi.Britishte'n Kukite gam a house tax akhangsah laitah uva hi Northern India(Gujarat) mun a jong kel(famine) umna ban a Britishte'n India mipite kom a tax 23% akhangsahbe nalam uva Vallabhai Patel toh Mahatma Gandhi in tax suhbeina dia kiphinna Khaira Satyagraha(1918) agon lhon ahi.Hiche hi Indian mite a dia Non-cooperation Movement masapen jong chu ahi.Chukitle, Champaran Satyagraha (1917) jong North Bihar a Mahatma Gandhi lamkaina'n Tinkathia(forced to cultivate Indigo) doudalna aum e.Hiche hi Civil Disobedience Movement kipatna jong ahi.India munchomchom a peasants movement umlaitah jong ahi.

4.Thinglhangmite'n Pothang bol:Pothang kitihi aloutheilouva natohna peh tidi ahijeng e.Britishte munkhat apat mundang khat acheule avon ho po le ding,lampi sem ding chuleh adang dang angaichat dungjui uva bolpeh ji chu thinglhangmi ho ihiuve .Hiche pothang hi ahung khohset phat a Kukite'n ina doudal uva ahi.

5.Gamleiset kiboina:British sepoys ana pang lui Gurkha ho chu Britishte'n Khuga Valley(Churachandpur Distric) a chengna gam apeh uva amaho'n kihingsona dia gancha ho avah jiu ahi.Hiche Nepali te gangcha vah hi Britishte dia revenue hoitah ahin hinlah agamleiset toupha leh neitu Kuki(tua Zou tribe leh Thadou-Kuki) te loubolna a gancha alut keo hilouva agam uva Britishte'n midang akhopem sah u lunglhai louna'n gal anabolkhum uvin ahi.Kukite Zale'ngam a midang in thuneina leh thaneina anei ding noplou jeh a Britishte chu tin-le-ha tho a ina dou u ahi.

6.British sedentarisation Programme:Britishte hin khoneochacha leh inlhomcha a ichengkhom u hi adeipouvin kholen a ichengkhom diu deina in Sedentarisation Programmee abol uvin ahi.Kho khat a inn 20 nuoilam aumle dangka cheng gup(Rs 6) tax apehdiuvin thupeh kibolla ahi.Vannoi leiset gamtin a tribal ho hi hunter-gatherers leh pastoral life hinkho mang ihiuvin, ichondan u jatdang hon akhelgot phatleu kidoudal ji ahi, hibanga chu Kukite'n jong ina doudal u ahi.

COURSE OF THE ANGLO-KUKI WAR 1917-1919

1.Kidouphat sung hi hopni a khenthei ahi.

a).Non Cooperation and Passive Resistance Period(March 1917-October 1917):Hiche sunghi kinahna khohselou Kuki mite'n Britishte kithopina ima kipelouva kiting phat sung ahi.Britiste'n hiche phat sunga military tactics ajah u chu The Flying or Mobile Columns akitie.Hiche chu kho(village) ho asuhset u,neilegou achom u,chuleh kihingsona thei phot² asutset uva genthei tah a eilha u ahi.

b).Active Resistance Period(October 1917-April 1919):Hiche sunghi Britishte toh hatah a ikidouphat sung u ahi.Hiche sunga hi Britishte military tactics jah chu Blockhouse or French System of Cordoning and Racking ahi.Hiche a hi mi tamtah eitha uva ,mi amat hou hihen lang mipi chung hijongle khutlhana nasatah anei phat sung u ahi.Lonpi(Mombi) kho Britishte'n ahallhah phat uva gal chu ihin pat u ahi.

2.Kukite gal boldan:

a)Upa or pipa kihoukhomna (Chiefs-in-Council or Kuki War Council) ana um in ,Sathin-salung-neh/hansa-neh abol uvin sapkangte tinlehathoa douding akitem tauve.Hiche pipa kihoukhomna a gal symbol ding Thingkho-le-malcha,

khichang(beads),chem(sword),meichang(bullet),

meilou(gunpowder) ho manchah anahie.Som-Inn(bachelor's dormitory) hi military training namun a anei uvin chuleh galhi Guerrilla Warfare(defensivé tactics) a bolding ana kiphatsah uve.Alhang lhanga gamkai lamkai cheh in ama gamkaiya galpi abolla,Unified Command lamkai vang galpi dang ho tobang a Kukite'n aneilou ahi.Decision making body a vang overall leadership chu Pu Chengjapao Aisan pa'n alah ahin galbolna a vang ama gamkai lamkai cheh in thaneina lhingset anei ahi.

b)Kukite galbolna lhang hi hop 6 a khenthei ahi.

I)Southwest:Henglep gamsung Moirang mun supply based a kimang.Pu Pakang lamkaina lhang ahi.Ama lamkaina a sopi Manlun Zou ,Langzaching ,Behiang haosapa toh Southern Manipur a Britishte ana dou lhon ahi.

II)South:Manlun(Zou) leh Lenacot lhang,Imphal leh Chin Hills main based a kimang.

III)Northwest:Jampi lhang-Barak leh Cart lampi kikah-supply based hi Bishenour,Henema leh Tapoo.

IV)Southeast:Mombi/Lonpi lhang Suganu supply based.Pu Ngulbul ,chief of Longya leh Pu Ngulbul letna lhang ahi.

V)East:Burma lampi lhang ,supply based hi Pallel/Imphal leh Tamu

VI) Northeast:Aishan lhang ,supply based hi Kohima leh Homalin.Pu Chengjapao ,King of Kuki letna gamkai ahi.

3.Assam Military Police(tua Assam Rifles) ,Burma Military Police leh Manipur State Police ho kigom a galhang Kukite suhthip ding eina gon u ahi.Amaho hi mi 6234 galkapthei(combatants),

696 galkaplou(Non-combatants) ,thilpohlena 7650 tah jong anei uve.Hiche gal sunga Britishte(officer pum a) thijat chu mi 60 ahiuvin,mi 142 akitongkha uvin,mi 97 athiuvin,chuleh pneumonia epidemic jeh in mi 393 jong ahiuve.Kukite official record a thijat chu mi 120 ahin,kho 26 akihal lha in,mithun 576 akithat in,kho 16 akidalhan(deserted),kho 140 jen British khut a kipehdohna(surrender) anei in chuleh changlemim koina(grenaries) mi 40,000 kumkhat nehkhopset thei jong eina suhsetpeh uvin ahi.

Failure of The War Against The King-Emperor 

a) Britishte Divide and Rule Policy leh Carrot and Stick Policy ajah jeh u ahi.Eiho toh ikidou phat uva sopi Lushais,Chin leh Kukite lah a amaho thusei ngaiho spies a amanchah uva muntin achele thei jeh uva gallelna inei khah u ahi.Chuleh ,Christian haosa leh christan haosa louva khenna anei uva,loyal chiefs leh rebel chiefs leh adang dang a suhsetna(exploit) eibol uva ahi. Hitobangma a chu The Lushai Expedition a Kukite leh Chinte spies a amanchah kit u ahi.

b)Eiho sanga galmanchah hoi achoijeh u ahi.Lt General H.D.U. Keary in hitin aseiye,"The defeat of the Kukis was not due to the lack of courage and skill but due to the superior weapons of the British forces ".

AFTER THE WAR- MAY 19O9 ONWARDS:KUKI TRIBULATION

I).Gal kichai chun gal sunga Britishte neilegou isuhset hou ditna ding(War Indemnity) dangka lakh khat leh 75,000 lepeh angaijeh in Britishte lampi semna leh amaho seisei phat chomkhatsetpi ina bol uvin ahi.

II).Galpi kichaijeh hi Pu Pache 5th March 1919 a surrender kiboljeh ahi.Imphal concentration camp a amite hahsat genthei phat a Rs 3000 a surrender ana kibolla ahi.Gal sunga haosa len ho chu Kohima Jail,Sadiya Jail leh Taungyi Burma Jail a ana kikoi uvin àhi.Kohima leh Sadiya Jail a umho chu Bengal Regulation noiya achungthu u akitang in,Taungyi Jail a um ho chu Chin Hills Regulation noiya athu u kitang kit ahi.

III).Gal kichai chun British sepoys leh officer hon The British War Medal 1914-1919 leh Victory Medal akisang uvin ahi.

IV)Gal kichaiyin Britishte'n meithal 1158 tah eilahpeh uvin ahi.Gal um masang (1907-1917)a Kukite meithal neijat chu 1195 tah ahikit e.Hiche meithal ho hi China leh Bengal apat hung kondoh hidia ginmo chu ahi.

THUGEIHEHNA:

Vannoi galpi khatna a kukite'n jong sapkangte idou lonau tamtah um jongle izalen'n-gam u touphadi agot jeh pentah u ahi.1919 kum a Government of India Act chun thinglhangmiho excluded leh partially excluded areas a eikoi u ahi.Northeast tribal ho chu excluded areas noiya ium uva mundang a tribal ho chu partially excluded areas noiya venbitna chang uva ahi.Hiche galpi hi Thadou Kuki haosa ho gal jong ahipon,Thadou Kuki mipi gal jong ahipon,Haokip haosa ho gal jong ahipuon,Manlun Zou gal jong ahipuon ,Kuki te gal joh ahi. Kukite douna dia sum hung hohi War fund apat hung ahijeh a Anglo-Kuki War itiu ahi.Hichekeo hilouva ,non Thadou jouse in sapkangte kidouna a hi pan analahcheh uva ahi.The Revolt of 1857 chu historiography ho'n The First war of Indian Independence ,Clash of Civilization and barbarians ,Nationalist Revolt ,Sepoy Mutiny leh adang dang a akou uva ahi.Eiho'n jong hitobang ma a chu jatchuom cheh a kouna inei u ahi.The Anglo-Kuki War thu hi Home Rule Movement hin pandoh Indian Nationalist Bar Gangadhar Tilak leh Annie Basant in The New India Newspaper a anasodoh lhon in ahi.Newspaper(Incitemnt of offence) Act 1908 leh Indian Press Act ,1910 ho jeh a jong eiho Anglo-Kuki War jong deibang a Indian mipi in ahetlou hidia ginchat ahi.Hitobang a sapkangte dou jatmi te chu izalen'n-gam u Manipur government in eilahpeh got jeh nalam uva ehsante toh May 3rd 2023 nikhoa ina kidoukit uva ahi.Hichejeh a eiho jong phattoh kitoh a ikikhel u ngaiya ahi.Innlhomcha cha khosat ho ngah ding,Phung politics ibol hou ngah ding,nang hiche kei hiche tiho seita lou ding,lamkai di thanopjeh a lamkai umho suhlhuh loudi,thingnoi thahthah semtalou ding,kiloikhomna umho joh sempi lhing ding chuleh lamkai lui hon jong Organisation umsa ho eima property dan a kolchah loudi ahi.Gun culture khang akichaita'n pen culture joh mano phat ahitai.Tuni nikhoa thingnoimi a pangho bou chamlhat galsat a gelphat chu ahitapoi,ibon uva itohna cheh uva kitahtah a natong ihileu nampi galsat sohkei ihiu itahlang nuom uve.Mi lhomcha pangkhom jongleu hen state khat jong influence jouloudi ho ikihopkhen khenleu ibon uva imahthahna diu gamla lou ahijeh in lheppon bang kitho phat mong mong ahitai.

Pu-le-pa ,nunao chapang,gamhuhna a hinkho chaan jouse jana salam ipeuve !

"Even if Iam alone,I will fight the white men until my last bullet and gunpowder"

   -Pu Tintong